Generalities and methods.- A Few Illustrative Examples of CFD-based Optimization.- Mathematical Aspects of CFD-based Optimization.- Adjoint Methods for Shape Optimization.- Specific Applications of CFD-based Optimization to Engineering Problems.- Efficient Deterministic Approaches for Aerodynamic Shape Optimization.- Numerical Optimization for Advanced Turbomachinery Design.- CFD-based Optimization for Automotive Aerodynamics.- Multi-objective Optimization for Problems Involving Convective Heat Transfer.- CFD-based Optimization for a Complete Industrial Process: Papermaking.