An effective secure cluster-based routing against Black Hole

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a network of interconnected sensors that work together to collect and exchange data from their surroundings via intermediary links. These networks are critical in a wide range of applications, from environmental monitoring to healthcare. One of the most difficult difficulties in WSNs is ensuring energy efficiency, as sensor nodes are frequently powered by limited and non-rechargeable batteries. Optimizing energy consumption is critical for extending the networks operating lifespan. Another tough challenge is guaranteeing the security of data while transmitting. Vulnerabilities may occur as the sent data passes through intermediate nodes, rendering it vulnerable to unauthorized access or hostile attacks.